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Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of calcium in your bones and blood. Although it's found in several fortified foods that we eat, naturally occurring sources are a bit harder to come by. Therefore some people may struggle to get enough vitamin D from diet alone.
While our body can produce a certain amount of vitamin D on its own from sun exposure, many people still fall short of meeting their daily needs. As a matter of fact, Vitamin D deficiency is the most common medical condition worldwide.(1) Particularly if you live in an area that receives less sunlight in the fall and winter months, you may be at an increased risk of being deficient. Considering that deficiency is so prevalent, many healthcare professionals recommend supplementing this important nutrient, so finding the best vitamin D is key to boosting your levels.
The Best Vitamin D Supplements - Our Top Picks
- Best Multivitamin with Vitamin D for Women: Ritual Essential for Women
- Best OTC Vitamin D: Clinical Effects Vitamin K2 + D3
- Best Vitamin D Supplement for Men: Huge Supplements Vitamin D3
- Best Vitamin D for Kids: Ritual Essential for Kids
- Best Vitamin D Supplement for Women: Hum Here Comes The Sun
- Best Prenatal with Vitamin D: Ritual Prenatal
- Best High-Dose Vitamin D Supplement: Transparent Labs Vitamin D3 + K12
- Best Organic Vitamin D: Kaged Multivitamin
- Best Vegan Vitamin D Supplement: Future Kind Vitamin D3
- Best Chewable Vitamin D: NOW Foods Chewable Vitamin D3
- Best Vitamin D Drops for Infants: ChildLife Vitamin D3
- Best Calcium and Vitamin D: Hum Got Calcium
- Best Vitamin D Gummies: Goli Triple Action Immune Gummies
- Best Vitamin D Pills: Nature's Lab Vitamin D3 Plus
- Best Liquid Vitamin D: Life Extension Liquid Vitamin D3
With the endless vitamin D options, it can be difficult to determine exactly which one is right for you. To assist you in your search, the ACTIVE Reviews Team has sorted through the top products on the market to give you the best vitamin D supplements of 2023.
Why Trust Us?
The health and safety of ACTIVE's readers is of the utmost importance to us. To ensure your well-being when consuming nutritional supplements, the ACTIVE.com editorial team prioritizes products that are independently tested by a third party. We've also consulted with a team of nutritionists and dieticians to ensure the products we feature are of the highest standard. This helps us create the most accurate, authentic review content for our readers.
Best Multivitamin with Vitamin D for Women - Ritual Essential for Women Multivitamin 18+
SPECS
- Dosage: 50mcg (2000 IU) per serving
- Form: Capsules
- Price: $1.10/serving
Vitamin D is essential, but it’s not meant to work alone. Like all vitamins, it’s at its best when combined with other nutrients and minerals, as in the Ritual Women’s Multivitamin. With just two vegan capsules per day, women can enjoy 250% of their daily vitamin D allotment, plus generous doses of vitamin E, vitamin B12, folate, iron, and magnesium.
This clinically backed multivitamin is well-suited for women ages 18 through 49, particularly those who might have some nutrient deficiencies in their diet. Beyond the published clinical backing, this multivitamin also excels thanks to its vegan composition, its avoidance of artificial colors, and its shared emphasis on brain, bone, and blood health. As an added bonus, there’s antioxidant support, ideal for preserving your skin’s natural radiance.
Why We Picked It: Even the most nutritiously conscious women may have some big gaps in their nutrient intake, making this thoughtful, clinically-backed multivitamin a lifesaver.
Best For
- Women ages 18-49
- Women who have nutrient deficiencies in their diet
- Vegans
Not Best For
- Those who have a hard time swallowing large capsules or pills
- Women who simply want vitamin D with no extras
BUY: Ritual Essential for Women Multivitamin 18+
Best OTC Vitamin D - Clinical Effects Vitamin K2 + D3
SPECS
- Dosage: 125 mcg
- Form: Capsules
- Price: $0.58/serving
While clinical-grade vitamin D supplements are available to folks with extreme deficiencies, there are also plenty of OTC options that are much more affordable (and nearly as effective). That’s the case with Clinical Effects Vitamin K2 + D3, which offers a robust complex of vitamins designed to support your immune health.
In addition to keeping your immune system in working order, this vitamin supplement uses natural ingredients to help promote strong bone structure. What’s more, the supplement aids in calcium absorption and even boosts your blood flow and cardiovascular health. This science-backed formula can provide a whole host of health benefits, making it a great option for anyone who feels like their health, mood, or energy level is in a rut.
Why We Picked It: We love this vitamin complex, which offers a range of clinical results that include mood elevation, improved immune functioning, and more.
Best For
- Anyone looking for immune support
- Anyone who attributes low mood or low energy to a vitamin D deficiency
- Anyone looking for clinical effectiveness without the need for a prescription
Not Best For
- Those who have a hard time swallowing pills
- Those who may need a more comprehensive multivitamin
BUY: Clinical Effects Vitamin K2 + D3
Best Vitamin D Supplement for Men - Huge Supplements Vitamin D3
SPECS
- Dosage: 125 mcg (5,000 IU) per serving
- Form: Capsules
- Price: $0.33/serving
There’s a lot to like about Huge Supplements Vitamin D3, starting with its value. This product offers you a two-month supply for under $20, which is practically a steal. Then factor in the high dosage with each serving. At 5,000 IU of Vitamin D per capsule, this is a clinical-strength dose that’s designed to fortify even the heartiest men and the most active athletes.
Lastly, this supplement is proudly made in the USA, thoroughly tested for purity, and verified by independent lab results, so you can see why it’s our go-to for men everywhere.
Why We Picked It: This mega-dose of Vitamin D offers incredible potency, purity, and value.
Best For
- Men looking for a value product
- Men looking for high-level doses of Vitamin D
- Vegetarians
Not Best For
- Those seeking a multivitamin
- Those who have a hard time swallowing large capsules
- Those who want to ease into Vitamin D with a smaller-dose supplement
BUY: Huge Supplements Vitamin D3
Best Vitamin D for Kids - Ritual Essential for Kids
SPECS
- Dosage: 20 mcg (800 IU) per serving
- Form: Gummies
- Price: $1.10/serving
Every parent wants to make healthy choices for their children. Thankfully, the Ritual Essential for Kids makes that pretty easy. These easy-to-chew gummies pack a good Vitamin D wallop (800 IU per serving), along with fiber, zinc, omega-3s, and more. A prebiotic blend aids your little one’s digestion, while other ingredients help support bone and brain function.
Yet these gummies are almost as notable for what’s not included…which is so say, sugar. The natural orange flavor is kid-friendly without the need for any kind of artificial sweetener. And, traceable ingredients allow parents to feed these to their little ones without any worry.
Why We Picked It: With traceable ingredients and an absence of added sugars, these gummies are made to be loved by kids and parents alike.
Best For
- Children 4-12
- Those who have a hard time swallowing pills
- Parents who want to give their kids supplements without added sweeteners
Not Best For
- Parents looking for a more robust children’s multivitamin
- Parents who are looking for a more budget-friendly option
BUY: Ritual Essential for Kids
Best Vitamin D Supplement for Women - Hum Here Comes The Sun
SPECS
- Dosage: 50 mcg (2,000 IU) per serving
- Form: Softgels
- Price: $0.40/servings
The Hum Here Comes The Sun was formulated to help promote calcium absorption, boost mood, and support immune health. That’s all reason enough to try these softgels, which offer a moderate IU level in each serving. But when you consider the incredible value (less than $15 for a month’s supply), you start to see why this is such a popular brand.
The IU level is especially well-suited for the average woman, though, of course, your Vitamin D needs may vary. We’ll also note that these softgels are lab-tested, independently verified, and absent any kind of artificial coloring or flavor. A great, safe choice for women looking to avoid a Vitamin D deficiency in their current diet.
Why We Picked It: These simple, cost-effective supplements are ideally suited for women who just want to boost their Vitamin D levels.
Best For
- Women
- Bargain shoppers
- Those who want Vitamin D and nothing else
- Vegans
Not Best For
- Anyone looking for a multivitamin
- Those who need a higher dose of Vitamin D
- Those who have a hard time with capsules and pills
Best Prenatal Vitamin D - Ritual Prenatal
SPECS
- Dosage: 50 mcg (2,000 IU) per serving
- Form: Capsules
- Price: $1.30/serving
Did you know that healthy Vitamin D levels can be essential for helping support your baby's growth and development? Our pick for expectant moms is the Ritual Prenatal blend, which combines Vitamin D with folate, choline, and other essential nutrients in order to provide optimal nutrients for the bun in your oven.
Though it’s not the most cost-effective supplement on the market, there’s certainly much to love about the actual product quality. The Ritual Prenatal supplement features 12 traceable ingredients, including iron and biotin, designed with pregnant women and developing babies in mind. Additionally, an essenced lemon or mint flavor gives these vegan-friendly capsules a refreshing taste.
Why We Picked It: Ritual uses quality ingredients that are specifically designed for pregnant women.
Best For
- Pregnant women
- Vegans
Not Best For
- Those who are looking for a more budget-friendly option
- Pregnant women who need higher choline, vitamin A, or calcium
Best High-Dose Vitamin D Supplement - Transparent Labs Vitamin D3 + K12
SPECS
- Dosage: 125 mcg (5,000 IU) per serving
- Form: Capsules
- Price: $0.17/serving
For maximum Vitamin D delivery, you could do a lot worse than the Transparent Labs Vitamin D3 + K12. With 5,000 IU per serving, these supplements truly offer a heavy nutrient intake, meaning they’re potent enough to potentially make a notable impact on your mood, energy level, and overall wellness. And you can’t beat the price: A massive supply for just about $20!
Note that these capsules contain K12 as well as D3, but nothing else, which means they may not be the best fit for those seeking a more comprehensive multivitamin. But if you’re simply looking for D3 elevation, this is the product we’d most heartily recommend.
Why We Picked It: Huge amounts of Vitamin D3, for an excellent price point.
Best For
- Those seeking a major Vitamin D upgrade
- Bargain-hunters
Not Best For
- Children
- Those looking for a more robust multivitamin
BUY: Transparent Labs Vitamin D3 + K12
Best Organic Vitamin D - Kaged Multivitamin
SPECS
- Dosage: 20 mcg (100% DV) per serving
- Form: Capsules
- Price: $1.16/serving
Looking for something that’s absent any artificial ingredients? The Kaged Multivitamin provides a robust multivitamin blend that’s sourced entirely from organic fruits and vegetables. Even the capsule itself is made from natural vegetable cellulose.
This is a truly comprehensive vitamin load, though it should be noted that the Vitamin D dosage (100% DV) may be less than other vitamins. However, you're getting your nutrients directly from natural sources with this blend, the vitamin D, for example, comes from maitake mushrooms. This supplement makes that possible and allows you to easily remedy any deficiencies in your diet.
Why We Picked It: Anyone who desires a full vitamin intake derived from organic fruits and vegetables.
Best For
- Those who prefer an all-organic option
- Those who desire fruit- and vegetable-derived nutrients
Not Best For
- Anyone who has a hard time swallowing capsules
- Those who want pure Vitamin D, not a multivitamin formula
Best Vegan Vitamin D Supplement - Future Kind Vitamin D3
SPECS
- Dosage: 62.5 mcg (2,500 IU)
- Form: Capsules
- Price: $0.67/serving
When you’re on a vegan diet, finding an acceptable supplement to help fill any nutrient gaps can sometimes be a challenge. Our recommendation is the Future Kind Vitamin D3 formula, which offers a bare-bones ingredient list absent anything artificial or animal-derived. These capsules are made from vegetable cellulose, and the supplement itself is a vegan-friendly Vitamin D blend.
Made from plant lichen, this supplement is a great choice for vegans or for anyone who simply desires to support immunity, bone strength, and a healthy aging process. As an added bonus, buying this product is a great way to help support animal sanctuaries!
Why We Picked It: This is one of the best vegan-friendly supplements we’ve come across, but also an outstanding option for anyone who wants a hearty dose of Vitamin D.
Best For
- Vegans
- Anyone resistant to artificial ingredients in their supplements
Not Best For
- Anyone looking for a more robust multivitamin
- Anyone who struggles with capsules or pills
Best Chewable Vitamin D - NOW Foods Chewable Vitamin D3
SPECS
- Dosage: 125 mcg (5,000 IU) per serving
- Form: Chewable tablets
- Price: $0.07/serving
Not a fan of capsules and pills? The NOW Foods Chewable Vitamin D3 may be just the thing. With incredible potency and an appealing peppermint flavor, this chewable supplement provides an easy and refreshing way to boost your vitamin intake.
What’s not so great about it? Well, it’s got some artificial ingredients that not everyone will love. And if you want a true multivitamin, this isn’t for you. But its value, potency, and flavor make it by far the leading choice for chewable Vitamin D support.
Why We Picked It: It’s easy to take even if you don’t like swallowing pills and offers a robust IU load.
Best For
- Those who dislike pills and capsules
- Those who want a robust level of Vitamin D
Not Best For
- Vegans
- Those seeking a true multivitamin
BUY: NOW Foods Chewable Vitamin D3
Best Vitamin D Drops for Infants - ChildLife Vitamin D3
SPECS
- Dosage: 500 IU per serving
- Form: Liquid
- Price: $0.07
If your infant needs more Vitamin D to help manage a deficiency, ChildLife Vitamin D3 may be the product for you. These droplets are easy to give your little one and provide a generous 500 IU of Vitamin D per serving. The natural berry flavor is also appealing to any palate, while the droplets themselves consist mostly of organic vegetable water.
We should also note that, with such a low price point, it’s incredibly convenient to stock up on a few bottles of this to keep in your medicine cabinet, just in case.
Why We Picked It: It’s an easy and affordable option for parents of little ones.
Best For
- Babies and toddlers
- Parents looking for a budget-friendly option
Not Best For
- Anyone looking for a multivitamin
- Adults who need a heftier dose of Vitamin D
Best Calcium and Vitamin D - Hum Got Calcium
SPECS
- Dosage: 10mcg (50% DV) per serving
- Form: Tablets
- Price: $0.50/serving
We love the Hum Got Calcium supplement because it provides robust portions of two essential nutrients: About half of your daily Vitamin D intake, combined with 48% of your daily Calcium intake. Given that deficiencies in these two nutrients often go hand in hand, this supplement will function as a great one-stop-shop for many athletes.
Other notables: The price point is stellar and chewable tablets make a great alternative to pills and capsules. And everything about these tablets is totally vegan-friendly.
Why We Picked It: These vegan-friendly, chewable tablets are ideally suited for anyone lacking in Calcium and Vitamin D.
Best For
- Those who don’t want to swallow a pill
- Vegans
- Those who have deficiencies in both Calcium and Vitamin D
Not Best For
- Those who want larger doses of Vitamin D
- Those looking for a pure multivitamin
Best Vitamin D Gummies - Goli Triple Action Immune Gummies
SPECS
- Dosage: 20 mcg per serving
- Form: Gummies
- Price: $0.63/serving
Would you rather chew your Vitamin D, as opposed to swallowing capsules and pills? Look no further than the Goli Triple Action Immune Gummies. These gummies provide a decent level of Vitamin D in an easy-to-digest formula with generous additional helpings of Vitamin C, Zinc, Elderberry, and a full botanical blend.
Also, take note of what’s not included in these gummies. There’s no yeast, wheat, or gluten. There’s no dairy. And there are no synthetic colors of any kind.
Why We Picked It: These gummies provide an easily digestible way to get a full intake of vitamins and botanicals.
Best For
- Gummy-lovers
- Those seeking a robust, multi-faceted vitamin supplement
Not Best For
- Those who want straight Vitamin D
- Those who prefer higher Vitamin D levels
BUY: Goli Triple Action Immune Gummies
Best Vitamin D Pills - Nature's Lab Vitamin D3 Plus
SPECS
- Dosage: 125 mcg (5,000 IU) per serving
- Form: Capsules
- Price: $0.24/serving
For simple, effective, and affordable Vitamin D pills, we like Nature's Lab Vitamin D3 Plus product. Made with vegetarian capsules, these pills offer a great balance of Vitamins D and K, without any sugar, soy, or artificial additives.
We also love the focus on gluten-free and non-GMO ingredients, to say nothing of the robust support for bone and immune health.
Why We Picked It: These pills are simple, effective, free of additives, and affordable.
Best For
- Those who prefer their supplements in pill form
- Bargain hunters
- Vegetarians
Not Best For
- Those seeking a pure multivitamin
- Those who have a hard time swallowing pills
BUY: Nature's Lab Vitamin D3 Plus
Best Liquid Vitamin D - Life Extension Liquid Vitamin D3
SPECS
- Dosage: 50 mcg (2,000 IU) per serving
- Form: Liquid
- Price: $0.02/serving
The Life Extension Liquid Vitamin D3 formula is a great option for anyone who’d rather take a few droplets as opposed to pills, capsules, or chewables. There’s a high level of Vitamin D here, though we should note that dosing for liquid supplements is always a little imprecise.
We also love these drops for the reasonable price point, the lack of added ingredients, and the focus on gluten-free and non-GMO ingredients.
Why We Picked It: These drops are simple, effective, and a great alternative to pills and capsules.
Best For
- Those who have a hard time with pills or capsules
- Those who just want Vitamin D and nothing else
Not Best For
- Anyone seeking a multivitamin
- Anyone concerned about imprecise dosing
BUY: Life Extension Liquid Vitamin D3
What is Vitamin D?
Vitamin D is an essential fat-soluble vitamin that is found in a limited number of foods we eat including fatty fish, beef liver, egg yolks, mushrooms, and fortified products. It can also be synthesized in the body when exposed to sunlight.
This vitamin serves a number of important functions in the body that range from helping you absorb calcium to supporting the immune system and even facilitating carbohydrate metabolism.(2, 3, 4)
Considering it's not widely found in food sources, some people may require supplementation, especially if they live in northern climates with less sunlight in the fall and winter months.
Benefits of Supplementing with Vitamin D
Correcting low vitamin D levels, whether through food sources or supplementation, can come with a number of positive health benefits.
Can Help Improve Bone and Oral Health
Regularly supplementing with vitamin D has been shown to boost bone health, leading to less risk of fractures and prevention of bone disorders such as osteomalacia and osteoporosis.(5) In addition, supplementing with vitamin D can help promote good oral health as teeth are made of the same minerals as bones.(6)
Can Help Enhance Immune Function
Vitamin D is also a key player in immune function. Supplementing with it when your levels are low has been shown to enhance immune function, especially in people with autoimmune diseases.(7) More specifically, vitamin D has an influential effect on T-cells, a major type of immune cell in the body, which may help prevent certain illnesses.(8)
May Help Control Inflammation
In addition to promoting bone and immune health, vitamin D also serves as a regulator of inflammation in the body. In fact, one study found a reduction in inflammatory markers following six months of vitamin D supplementation.(9) Vitamin D has also been shown to play a role in controlling inflammation associated with colitis, a type of inflammatory bowel disease.(10) More research is needed to determine the specific anti-inflammatory effects of vitamin D supplementation in the healthy population.
How We Chose the Best Vitamin D Supplements
When shopping for a vitamin D supplement, there are a number of factors to take into consideration to ensure you select a product that is right for your goals.
Form
When it comes to supplementing with vitamin D, it's typically available in two forms: D3, which comes from animal sources, and D2, which is derived from plant sources. We found that the majority of supplements on the market contain the D3 version due to its superior absorption in the body.(11) Thus, most of the products we included contain the D3 form.
Dosage
When shopping for a vitamin D supplement you'll want to determine the proper dose for your goals. The majority of the products we selected provide 1,000-2,000 IU of vitamin D as research suggests this is enough to meet the needs of most people.(12)
Cost
Vitamin D supplements can vary greatly when it comes to price. We reviewed brands that hit all different price points and settled upon several options that would be affordable for most people.
Format
Vitamin D supplements typically come in tablet or capsule form. However, in recent years, more alternative options have emerged on the market such as liquids, sprays, chewable tabs, gummies, and even topical lotions. We included a variety of formats so that you'd be sure to find one that best suits your needs.
What To Look For When Shopping For A Vitamin D Supplement
When browsing the shelves of your favorite supplement store for a vitamin D supplement here are some important factors to keep in mind.
Dosage
An important factor when selecting a good vitamin D supplement is exactly how much of the active ingredient it contains. Look for products that provide about 1,000-2,000 IU's as this will suit the needs of most users. You'll also want to consider dietary sources of vitamin D that you consume on a regular basis, as these will impact how much you require. If you live in a more northern climate that gets less sun throughout the year, you may consider taking a slightly higher dose than if you live in a more tropical area.
Form
Considering that there are two main forms of vitamin D: D3 which is from animal sources, and D2 which is from plant sources, you'll have to choose which suits you best. Strict vegetarians or vegans may prefer the D2 form which is free of animal products, though you may need a slightly higher dose to get the equivalent amount as D3 is typically better absorbed.
Cost
There's no question that not everyone has an unlimited budget for supplements. Therefore, you'll want to find a vitamin D that best aligns with your budget. Thankfully vitamin D is one of the more affordable supplements out there.
Ingredients
Vitamin D supplements should have a relatively short ingredient list considering that they are a simple supplement. If a particular product has a long list of ingredients or contains undisclosed blends, you'll want to steer clear as you may be taking in unnecessary compounds.
Third-party Testing
Third-party testing is when a brand sends their products to an outside laboratory to get tested for purity and potential contaminants. Particularly if you are an athlete that competes in a drug-tested sport, you'll want to opt for a brand that uses third-party testing to ensure you're not taking in any banned substances.
Format
Vitamin D supplements are available in several formats including capsules, liquids, gummies, and chewable tablets. Consider which form you are most likely to take on a regular basis taking into account your lifestyle and goals.
Vitamin D2 vs. Vitamin D3
When it comes to supplementing with vitamin D, you'll typically find it in two forms: vitamin D2, which is from plant sources, and vitamin D3 which comes from animal sources. Vitamin D3 is more biologically equivalent to the vitamin D found in our bodies thus research has shown that it tends to be better absorbed.(13)
Therefore, vitamin D3 is the best choice when supplementing for most people. However, if you prefer to stick to a plant-based diet, you'll want to choose a vitamin D supplement that uses the D2 form and thoroughly review the label to ensure it doesn't contain any animal-derived ingredients.
Our Final Takeaway
There’s no question that Vitamin D is essential for optimal physical health, as Vitamin D deficiency is a surprisingly common problem among U.S. adults, especially when it comes to certain diets. A simple solution is to find the best vitamin D supplement that matches your lifestyle and budget. There’s no shortage of options, and with research, you should be able to find a supplement that breathes new life into your active lifestyle.
FAQs About Vitamin D Supplements
What does vitamin D do?
Vitamin D has a number of important functions throughout the body, whichinclude:
- Promoting calcium and phosphorus absorption
- Supporting bone maintenance and growth
- Helping regulate inflammation
- Supporting immune function
What happens when my vitamin D is low?
When your vitamin D is low, your body is unable to efficiently metabolize calcium and incorporate it into new bone tissue, resulting in weaker bones. In addition, due to vitamin D's role in supporting immune health, you may be more susceptible to illnesses or infections of various types.(14) Other symptoms of low vitamin D include fatigue, bone or back pain, depression, bone loss, and muscle pain.(14, 15, 16, 17, 18)
How can I tell if I have low vitamin D?
It may be difficult to detect a mild vitamin D deficiency, as telltale symptoms don't typically show their face until the deficiency is more severe. That said, you may experience muscle weakness, bone pain, fatigue, or mood changes if your levels are low for an extended period of time. The best way to determine your levels is to have a blood test ordered by your doctor. This can most accurately determine your vitamin D stores.
What foods are highest in vitamin D?
The foods that are highest in vitamin D include fortified products such ascereals, dairy goods, and orange juice, as well as more naturally-derivedsources such as fatty fish (salmon, tuna, swordfish), beef liver, egg yolks, andmushrooms.
How can I increase vitamin D in my body?
Considering that vitamin D is produced in our skin from sunlight, getting 10-30minutes of midday sunlight exposure several times per week is a suitable way toboost vitamin D levels. That said, this comes with some risk factors, the mainone being sunburn, so you'll want to exercise caution. Another way to increasevitamin D in the body is to consume high vitamin D foods. Lastly, regularlysupplementing with this important nutrient is a surefire way to increase yourlevels.
How much vitamin D should I take daily?
When supplementing with vitamin D, research suggests 1,000-2,000 IU daily is sufficient for the majority of adults.(12) Children or older adults will typically need differing amounts. It's best to check with your healthcare provider for individualized dosing.
What Are Vitamins | Nutrient-Dense Foods | Fat-Soluble Vs. Water-Soluble Vitamins | Best Vitamin D Supplements | Best Magnesium Supplements | Best Iron Supplements | Best Vitamins for Energy | Best Beet Supplements | Best Vitamin B12 Supplements | Best Calcium Supplements
These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
References
- Hovsepian, S., Amini, M., Aminorroaya, A., Amini, P., & Iraj, B. (2011). Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among adult population of Isfahan City, Iran. Journal of health, population, and nutrition, 29(2), 149–155.
- Khazai, N., Judd, S. E., & Tangpricha, V. (2008). Calcium and vitamin D: skeletal and extraskeletal health. Current rheumatology reports, 10(2), 110–117.
- Martens, P. J., Gysemans, C., Verstuyf, A., & Mathieu, A. C. (2020). Vitamin D's Effect on Immune Function. Nutrients, 12(5), 1248.
- Dalgård, C., Petersen, M. S., Weihe, P., & Grandjean, P. (2011). Vitamin D status in relation to glucose metabolism and type 2 diabetes in septuagenarians. Diabetes care, 34(6), 1284–1288.
- Burt, L. A., Billington, E. O., Rose, M. S., Raymond, D. A., Hanley, D. A., & Boyd, S. K. (2019). Effect of High-Dose Vitamin D Supplementation on Volumetric Bone Density and Bone Strength: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA, 322(8), 736–745.
- Botelho, J., Machado, V., Proença, L., Delgado, A. S., & Mendes, J. J. (2020). Vitamin D Deficiency and Oral Health: A Comprehensive Review. Nutrients, 12(5), 1471.
- Aranow C. (2011). Vitamin D and the immune system. Journal of investigative medicine: the official publication of the American Federation for Clinical Research, 59(6), 881–886.
- Prietl, B., Treiber, G., Pieber, T. R., & Amrein, K. (2013). Vitamin D and immune function. Nutrients, 5(7), 2502–2521.
- El Hajj, C., Walrand, S., Helou, M., & Yammine, K. (2020). Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Inflammatory Markers in Non-Obese Lebanese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients, 12(7), 2033.
- Garcia, P. M., Moore, J., Kahan, D., & Hong, M. Y. (2020). Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Inflammation, Colonic Cell Kinetics, and Microbiota in Colitis: A Review. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 25(10), 2300.
- Shieh, A., Chun, R. F., Ma, C., Witzel, S., Meyer, B., Rafison, B., Swinkels, L., Huijs, T., Pepkowitz, S., Holmquist, B., Hewison, M., & Adams, J. S. (2016). Effects of High-Dose Vitamin D2 Versus D3 on Total and Free 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Markers of Calcium Balance. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 101(8), 3070–3078.
- Bleizgys A. (2021). Vitamin D Dosing: Basic Principles and a Brief Algorithm (2021 Update). Nutrients, 13(12), 4415.
- Pletz, M. W., Terkamp, C., Schumacher, U., Rohde, G., Schütte, H., Welte, T., Bals, R., & CAPNETZ-Study Group (2014). Vitamin D deficiency in community-acquired pneumonia: low levels of 1,25(OH)2 D are associated with disease severity. Respiratory research, 15(1), 53.
- Pennisi, M., Malaguarnera, G., Di Bartolo, G., Lanza, G., Bella, R., Chisari, E. M., Cauli, O., Vicari, E., & Malaguarnera, M. (2019). Decrease in Serum Vitamin D Level of Older Patients with Fatigue. Nutrients, 11(10), 2531.
- Bansal, D., Boya, C. S., Vatte, R., & Ghai, B. (2018). High Prevalence of Hypovitaminosis D in Patients with Low Back Pain: Evidence from Meta-Analysis. Pain physician, 21(4), E389–E399.
- Okereke, O. I., & Singh, A. (2016). The role of vitamin D in the prevention of late-life depression. Journal of affective disorders, 198, 1–14.
- Bener, A., & Saleh, N. M. (2015). Low vitamin D, and bone mineral density with depressive symptoms burden in menopausal and postmenopausal women. Journal of mid-life health, 6(3), 108–114.
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About the Author
Daniel Preiato is a registered dietitian who specializes in sports nutrition and nutrition education. He is also a certified strength and conditioning specialist, and an avid strength athlete. He uses his background in clinical nutrition to dissect research and help individuals meet their health and fitness goals.
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